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Heat Engine

Heat Engine : (Power Plant of an Automobile)  A device which is used to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy is called an Engine . The heat energy produced by burning of the fuel is converted into mechanical power, then it is called a Heat Engine.  Heat engines are classified into two types.  1.External Combustion Engine  2.Internal Combustion Engine  1. External Combustion Engine  An external combustion engine is a Heat engine where a working fluid, is heated by combustion in an external source like Boiler. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. The combustion process takes place outside the mechanical engine system.   Eg. Steam Engines, Ancient Marine Engines  2.Internal Combustion Engine  An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a Heat engine where the combustion of a fuel and air occurs inside the engine combustion chamber that is an integral part of an engine.  ENGINE CLASSIFICATION Internal combustion e
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SURFACE TENSION

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SURFACE TENSION:- Surface tension is a physical phenomenon that refers to the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and causes it to form a distinct surface. It is the result of the intermolecular forces between the molecules of the liquid and is responsible for many of the unique properties of liquids, such as their ability to form drops and bubbles.  In this article, we will discuss the definition, causes, measurement, and applications of Surface tension. Definition: Surface tension is defined as the force acting per unit length along the interface between two immiscible liquids or between a liquid and a gas. It is represented by the symbol γ (gamma) and is measured in units of force per unit length, such as newtons per meter (N/m) or dynes per centimeter (dyn/cm). Causes: Surface tension is caused by the intermolecular forces between the molecules of the liquid. These forces can be attractive or repulsive and are related to the type and strength of the intermolecular interact
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Fluid Mechanics

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  Differential Manometer (Numericals 2): Q 1:  A piezometer was connected to a pipe to measure the pressure of water. The rise of water level in piezometer was 150 mm. Calculate the pressure of water.    [Ans = 1471.5 N/m 2 ] Q 2:  Pressure in a pipe carrying oil (Specific Gravity 0.92) is 20 kN/m 2 . A piezometer is connected to the pipe. Find the rise of liquid level in the piezometer.  [Ans = 2.21 m] Q 3:  A U-tube manometer is connected to a pipe for measuring the pressure of oil (Specific gravity 0.92) flowing in the pipeline. Mercury (Specific gravity 13.6) is used as manometer liquid and the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 200 mm. The centre of pipe is 80 mm below the level of mercury in the right limb. Determine the pressure in the pipeline and the head.   [Ans: 23.55 kN/m 2 ] Q 4:  The pressure of water in a domestic supply line was measured using manometer shown in the figure. Derive the equation for head and determine the pressure.     [Ans: h= 1.99 m, p = 19
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