TECH EDUCATION

SURFACE TENSION:- Surface tension is a physical phenomenon that refers to the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and causes it to form a distinct surface. It is the result of the intermolecular forces between the molecules of the liquid and is responsible for many of the unique properties of liquids, such as their ability to form drops and bubbles.  In this article, we will discuss the definition, causes, measurement, and applications of Surface tension. Definition: Surface tension is defined as the force acting per unit length along the interface between two immiscible liquids or between a liquid and a gas. It is represented by the symbol γ (gamma) and is measured in units of force per unit length, such as newtons per meter (N/m) or dynes per centimeter (dyn/cm). Causes: Surface tension is caused by the intermolecular forces between the molecules of the liquid. These forces can be attractive or repulsive and are related to the type and strength of the intermolecular interact

Hydraulic Jack A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift heavy objects by applying force through a hydraulic cylinder. Hydraulic jacks are commonly used in garages, auto repair shops, and manufacturing plants to lift cars, trucks, and heavy machinery. In this article, we will discuss the working principle, components, types, advantages, and disadvantages of hydraulic jacks. Working Principle: The working principle of a hydraulic jack is based on Pascal's law, which states that "pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions without loss." A hydraulic jack consists of two cylinders: the first one is called the reservoir, which contains hydraulic fluid, and the second one is the lifting cylinder, which has a piston and a plunger. When force is applied to the plunger, it pushes the piston, which compresses the hydraulic fluid in the lifting cylinder.  This increases the pressure of the fluid, which exerts a force on the object being lifted. The

Heat Engine : (Power Plant of an Automobile)  A device which is used to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy is called an Engine . The heat energy produced by burning of the fuel is converted into mechanical power, then it is called a Heat Engine.  Heat engines are classified into two types.  1.External Combustion Engine  2.Internal Combustion Engine  1. External Combustion Engine  An external combustion engine is a Heat engine where a working fluid, is heated by combustion in an external source like Boiler. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. The combustion process takes place outside the mechanical engine system.   Eg. Steam Engines, Ancient Marine Engines  2.Internal Combustion Engine  An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a Heat engine where the combustion of a fuel and air occurs inside the engine combustion chamber that is an integral part of an engine.  ENGINE CLASSIFICATION Internal combustion e

Heat and Temperature Difference While studying Thermodynamics, we have to come across some similar words, among which are Heat and Temperature. Through Difference Between Heat and Temperature In Article we will try to understand the difference between these two. Difference Between Heat and Temperature In this article Difference Between Heat and Temperature , we will not only talk about what is the difference between Heat and Temperature . Rather, we will try to understand the heat and temperature as well. So in this article we will know that:- What is Heat? What Is Temperature? Difference between Heat and Temperature. What Is Heat? Whenever we hear that "What is Heat ?" So say the first word or the first picture that comes to our mind is 'fire'. Actually this is not happening only with you but it is happening with many of us. But what is the reason behind it?                                                                                                          Heat

 First law Of Thermodynamics; To understand thermodynamics well and to make any calculations in thermodynamics, it is extremely important that we have its basic rules. These are some of the basic laws of thermodynamics.The first law of thermodynamics in  will try to understand about this very useful rule through medium. Heat was not considered a form of energy when thermodynamics was developing. But after some time it was proved that heat is also a form of energy, after that an attempt to find a relationship between heat and work started. Heat and work are two different forms of the same entity, and that entity is called energy. This means that if heat is supplied to a system, it can come out as work, or as work is done on a system, it can come out as heat. While the relationship between heat and work came out, a new term introduced the whole world, which was called internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics shows the relation between heat, work and internal energy. First law

Centrifugal Pumps : we'll just cover certain sections of it, it's on your course syllabus. But we'll start off looking at centrifugal pumps .  A very common type of pump. Swimming pool pumps, spa pumps, all kinds of pumps.  Quite a few of them are centrifugal pumps. I thought so. Okay,sometime this quarter, I don't think this early, you're going to run a test on a centrifugal pump in the fluids lab.  And from that test you're going to put together some performance curves for our centrifugal pump.   So, this is how we  test a centrifugal pump.  I'll go through the procedure that we use in our fluids lab.  We have a pump in a circuit with water in it, from a big reservoir.  The water is pumped through here, it goes around, back into the big reservoir.  We have flow meters in the test setup so we know what the flow rate Q is. We have pressure gauges at points one and two. A centrifugal pump is a radial type of a pump.  There's an impeller blade in there. T

  Differential Manometer (Numericals 2): Q 1:  A piezometer was connected to a pipe to measure the pressure of water. The rise of water level in piezometer was 150 mm. Calculate the pressure of water.    [Ans = 1471.5 N/m 2 ] Q 2:  Pressure in a pipe carrying oil (Specific Gravity 0.92) is 20 kN/m 2 . A piezometer is connected to the pipe. Find the rise of liquid level in the piezometer.  [Ans = 2.21 m] Q 3:  A U-tube manometer is connected to a pipe for measuring the pressure of oil (Specific gravity 0.92) flowing in the pipeline. Mercury (Specific gravity 13.6) is used as manometer liquid and the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 200 mm. The centre of pipe is 80 mm below the level of mercury in the right limb. Determine the pressure in the pipeline and the head.   [Ans: 23.55 kN/m 2 ] Q 4:  The pressure of water in a domestic supply line was measured using manometer shown in the figure. Derive the equation for head and determine the pressure.     [Ans: h= 1.99 m, p = 19